Distribution transformers are connected through various physical and electrical configurations. On the primary side, they receive high voltage, while the secondary side delivers lower voltage. Common connection types include Star-Star, Delta-Delta, Star-Delta, and Delta-Star. These transformers can be pole-mounted, pad-mounted, or vault-mounted, depending on the installation requirements.
Physical Connections
Primary (High Voltage) Side Connection
The primary side of a distribution transformer is connected to the high voltage power distribution network. This connection is typically made using specialized connectors and insulation systems designed to handle the higher voltages present on the primary side.
Distribution transformers commonly use one of two types of primary side connections:
- Bushings: These are insulated conductors that pass through the transformer tank wall, providing a connection point for the high voltage lines. Bushings are made of porcelain or composite materials and are designed to withstand high electrical stress and environmental conditions.
- Cable terminations: For underground distribution systems, the primary side may be connected using specialized cable terminations. These terminations provide a secure and insulated connection between the high voltage cables and the transformer windings.
The primary side connection often includes protective devices such as fuses or circuit breakers to safeguard the transformer from overcurrent or short circuit conditions. These protective devices are typically mounted externally on the transformer tank or on nearby poles.
Secondary (Low Voltage) Side Connection
The secondary side of a distribution transformer is where the low voltage output is connected to the electrical distribution system.
On the secondary side, the transformer typically steps down the voltage to standard utilization levels, which are commonly 120/240 volts for single-phase systems or 208Y/120 volts and 480Y/277 volts for three-phase systems in North America.
The secondary winding of the transformer is usually connected in one of two configurations:
- Wye (Y) Connection: In this configuration, one end of each winding is connected to a common point (neutral), while the other ends form the phase terminals. This arrangement provides both line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages.
- Delta (Δ) Connection: Here, the windings are connected end-to-end in a triangular formation, providing only line-to-line voltage.
Transformer Connection Types
Star-Star (Y-Y)
The Star-Star (Y-Y) connection is a common configuration for distribution transformers. In this arrangement, both the primary and secondary windings are connected in a star (or wye) formation. Each winding has one end connected to a common point, forming a neutral, while the other ends are connected to the phase conductors.
Delta-Delta (D-D)
In a Delta-Delta (D-D) connection, both primary and secondary windings are arranged in a triangular configuration. This connection type does not provide a neutral point on either side of the transformer.
Star-Delta (Y-D)
The Star-Delta (Y-D) connection combines a star-connected primary winding with a delta-connected secondary winding. This configuration is commonly used to step down voltage in distribution systems.
Delta-Star (D-Y)
The Delta-Star (D-Y) connection is the inverse of the Y-D configuration, with a delta-connected primary and a star-connected secondary. This arrangement is frequently used in step-up transformers for power transmission.
Three-Phase Transformer Connections
Delta-Wye (Δ-Y) connection
The Delta-Wye (Δ-Y) connection type combines a delta-connected primary winding with a wye-connected secondary winding.
In the primary (delta) side, the three windings are connected in a triangular formation. Each winding is connected between two phase conductors, with no neutral point. This configuration offers advantages in harmonic suppression and fault tolerance.
The secondary (wye) side features three windings connected in a star formation. One end of each winding is joined at a common point, forming the neutral. The other ends connect to the phase conductors. This arrangement provides a neutral point for single-phase loads and allows for both line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages.
Key characteristics of the Delta-Wye connection include:
- Voltage transformation: The line-to-line voltage ratio between primary and secondary sides is √3 times the turns ratio.
- Phase shift: There is a 30-degree phase shift between primary and secondary voltages.
- Harmonic mitigation: The delta primary effectively traps third-harmonic currents, preventing their propagation to the primary system.
- Grounding flexibility: The wye secondary allows for effective system grounding.
- Load balancing: This configuration helps balance uneven single-phase loads on the secondary side.
Delta-Wye connections are widely used in power distribution systems due to their versatility and ability to accommodate both three-phase and single-phase loads efficiently.
Wye-Wye (Y-Y) connection
In Wye-Wye (Y-Y) connection, both the primary and secondary windings are connected in a wye (star) configuration.
The Y-Y connection offers several advantages:
- Balanced voltage distribution: This configuration provides a balanced voltage distribution across all three phases, making it suitable for supplying both three-phase and single-phase loads.
- Neutral point availability: Both the primary and secondary sides have a neutral point, allowing for the connection of single-phase loads between any phase and neutral.
- Reduced insulation requirements: The Y-Y connection reduces the voltage stress on the transformer windings, potentially lowering insulation costs.
- Harmonic mitigation: This configuration helps suppress third-harmonic currents, which can be problematic in power systems.
The Y-Y connection does have some limitations:
- Zero-sequence current path: Without proper design considerations, Y-Y transformers may provide a path for zero-sequence currents, potentially leading to voltage imbalances.
- Sensitivity to unbalanced loads: Y-Y transformers can be more sensitive to unbalanced loads compared to other configurations, which may result in voltage fluctuations.
- Core saturation: Under certain conditions, Y-Y transformers may experience core saturation, leading to increased magnetizing current and potential overheating.
To address these limitations, Y-Y transformers often incorporate design features such as five-limb cores or tertiary windings. These modifications help improve performance and stability under various operating conditions.
Y-Y transformers are commonly used in medium-voltage distribution systems, particularly in areas with predominantly single-phase loads. They are also employed in some industrial applications where a balanced three-phase supply is required.
Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) connection
In Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) connection, both the primary and secondary windings are connected in a delta configuration.
In a Delta-Delta connection, the primary windings are connected end-to-end to form a closed triangle, with each corner of the triangle representing a phase. The same configuration is applied to the secondary windings. This connection method offers several advantages and characteristics:
- Voltage transformation: The Delta-Delta connection maintains the same voltage ratio between primary and secondary sides. For example, if the primary voltage is 11 kV and the secondary voltage is 415 V, the turns ratio will be 11000:415.
- Phase relationship: The Delta-Delta connection does not introduce any phase shift between primary and secondary voltages. This means that the corresponding primary and secondary phase voltages are in phase with each other.
- Harmonics suppression: The Delta-Delta connection is effective in suppressing triplen harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) as these harmonics circulate within the delta windings and do not propagate to the external circuit.
- Unbalanced load handling: This configuration can handle unbalanced loads more effectively than some other connections, as the delta winding allows for better load sharing among the phases.
- Ground fault protection: The Delta-Delta connection does not provide a neutral point on either the primary or secondary side. This can be advantageous in applications where ground fault protection is not required or where isolation from ground is desired.
- Reliability: In case of a failure in one transformer, the remaining two can continue to operate in an open-delta configuration, providing about 58% of the original three-phase capacity. This feature enhances system reliability.
- Cost-effectiveness: Delta-Delta transformers typically require less insulation material compared to wye-connected transformers, potentially reducing manufacturing costs.
The Delta-Delta connection is commonly used in industrial applications, particularly where motor loads are prevalent. It is also frequently employed in power distribution systems where the ability to continue operation under single-phase fault conditions is valued.
Single-Phase Transformer Connections
Single-phase transformer connections are widely used in residential and light commercial applications to step down the voltage from distribution lines to usable levels for end-users. These connections involve two primary configurations: center-tapped and non-center-tapped transformers.
Center-tapped transformers have a secondary winding with a center tap, creating two equal voltage outputs. This configuration provides 240 volts across the entire secondary winding and 120 volts from each end to the center tap. Center-tapped transformers are common in North American residential systems, allowing for both 240V and 120V service.
Non-center-tapped transformers have a single secondary winding without a center tap. These transformers typically provide a single voltage output, such as 230V or 240V, and are more common in countries using 230V as the standard residential voltage.
The primary side of single-phase transformers is connected to one phase and neutral of the distribution system. The secondary side connections depend on the transformer type and the required output voltage:
- For center-tapped transformers:
- The two ends of the secondary winding connect to the two hot legs of the service panel.
- The center tap connects to the neutral bus in the service panel.
- For non-center-tapped transformers:
- The two ends of the secondary winding connect to the hot and neutral terminals in the service panel.
Single-phase transformers may be connected in various configurations to meet specific voltage requirements:
- Series connection: Two identical transformers connected in series on both primary and secondary sides can double the voltage capacity.
- Parallel connection: Connecting transformers in parallel increases the current capacity while maintaining the same voltage.
Grounding and Bonding
Grounding connects the transformer’s neutral point or metal enclosure to the earth. This connection provides a low-impedance path for fault currents, limiting voltage rise during ground faults. Proper grounding helps protect personnel from electric shock and prevents damage to equipment.
Bonding involves connecting conductive parts of the transformer system to create an equipotential plane. This practice reduces voltage differences between metal components, minimizing the risk of electric shock and stray currents.
Distribution transformers typically employ a grounded wye configuration on the secondary side. The neutral point is connected to a grounding electrode system, which may include ground rods, building steel, or concrete-encased electrodes.
The primary side grounding depends on the utility’s distribution system. In some cases, the primary neutral is grounded at the transformer, while in others, it remains ungrounded.
Transformer tanks and enclosures are bonded to the grounding system to ensure safety. This connection prevents the buildup of static charges and provides a path for fault currents if insulation failure occurs.
Transformer Mounting Configurations
Pole-mounted transformers
Pole-mounted transformers are commonly used in rural and suburban areas where overhead power lines are prevalent. These transformers are attached to utility poles at a height of approximately 20 to 30 feet above ground level. The elevated position helps protect the transformer from potential damage and unauthorized access.
Pole-mounted transformers typically have a cylindrical shape and are equipped with mounting brackets for secure attachment to the utility pole. They are designed to withstand various weather conditions, including high winds and ice accumulation.
Pad-mounted transformers
Pad-mounted transformers are ground-level installations commonly used in urban and suburban areas with underground power distribution systems. These transformers are housed in weatherproof metal enclosures and placed on concrete pads.
The enclosures are designed with lockable doors to prevent unauthorized access and maintain safety. Pad-mounted transformers are often used in residential neighborhoods, commercial areas, and industrial complexes.
Vault-mounted transformers
Vault-mounted transformers are installed in underground vaults or chambers, typically in dense urban areas or locations where space is limited above ground. These transformers are housed in specially designed, reinforced concrete structures that protect them from environmental factors and potential flooding.
Vault-mounted transformers require careful design considerations for ventilation, cooling, and access for maintenance. They are often used in high-rise buildings, underground parking structures, and other areas where above-ground installations are not feasible or desirable.
